{"id":4230,"date":"2018-10-30T12:12:01","date_gmt":"2018-10-30T11:12:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tolkien.cz\/?p=4230"},"modified":"2018-10-30T12:12:01","modified_gmt":"2018-10-30T11:12:01","slug":"hobitoslovi-o-puvodu-slova-hobit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/tolkien.cz\/?p=4230","title":{"rendered":"Hobitoslov\u00ed – O p\u016fvodu slova hobit"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed ze s\u00e9rie sepsan\u00fdch p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek z TolkienCon\u016f a v\u00fdsledku m\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ve v\u0161em, co se hobit\u016f t\u00fd\u010de.<\/p>\n

Irith<\/p>\n

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Jak asi v\u00edte, slovo hobit vymyslel Tolkien jednoho nudn\u00e9ho odpoledne, kdy opravoval p\u00edsemky a na okraj jednoho pap\u00edru si na\u010dm\u00e1ral: „V jist\u00e9 podzemn\u00ed no\u0159e bydlel jeden hobit“. A toto slovo, tento hobit byl vlastn\u011b na po\u010d\u00e1tku cel\u00e9 pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hobit\u00ed tetralogie (my\u0161leno samoz\u0159ejm\u011b Hobit a P\u00e1n Prsten\u016f). A proto\u017ee hobitem za\u010dal s\u00e1m profesor, za\u010dneme j\u00edm i my. Kde se ono podivn\u00e9 slovo, hobit, vzalo a co znamen\u00e1? Abychom ale mohli za\u010d\u00edt, je nutn\u00e9 uv\u011bdomit si jednu velice, ale opravdu velice d\u016fle\u017eitou v\u011bc. Vlastn\u011b dv\u011b v\u011bci. Jednak to, \u017ee Tolkien postupoval p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed sv\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f jaksi opa\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ne\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed. On jako prvn\u00ed vymyslel jm\u00e9no a a\u017e potom<\/em> p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00fd se m\u011bl k onomu jm\u00e9nu vztahovat. Tak\u017ee jako prvn\u00ed vymyslel jm\u00e9no hobit a a\u017e pak vlastn\u011b zji\u0161\u0165oval, co nebo kdo by to hobit m\u011blo b\u00fdt a jakou to vlastn\u011b m\u00e1 \u00falohu v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu.<\/div>\n
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A druh\u00e1, nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 v\u011bc. Tolkien se na sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh d\u00edval jako na starou legendu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 jm\u00e9na hlavn\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f zapsan\u00e1 ve starobyl\u00e9m jazyce. S\u00e1m sebe proto stav\u011bl sp\u00ed\u0161e do role p\u0159ekladatele, ne\u017e spisovatele. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee skoro v\u0161echna jm\u00e9na tak, jak je zn\u00e1me my, jsou jen anglick\u00fdm p\u0159ekladem p\u016fvodn\u00edch starobyl\u00fdch jmen.<\/div>\n
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Te\u010f u\u017e v\u00edte dost, abyste se mohli pustit do \u010dten\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f.<\/div>\n
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Pokud se to vezme ze str\u00e1nky \u010dist\u011b St\u0159edozemsk\u00e9, d\u00e1 se zjistit, \u017ee hobit je zkratkou jm\u00e9na holbytla, v p\u0159ekladu stavitel nor. Toto jm\u00e9no dali Statov\u00e9 a Plav\u00edni sv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm Chluponoh\u016fm, evidentn\u011b podle zvyku budovat si jako p\u0159\u00edbytky prostorn\u00e9 nory.<\/div>\n
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Ale proto\u017ee Tolkien m\u011bl m\u00e1lokdy pro slovo jen jeden v\u00e1znam, je nutn\u00e9 oto\u010dit str\u00e1nku a pokra\u010dovat v p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1l. Hobit a tedy holbytla je vlastn\u011b jen jak\u00fdmsi anglick\u00fdm p\u0159ekladem p\u016fvodn\u00edho jm\u00e9na v z\u00e1pad\u0161tin\u011b. To p\u016fvodn\u011b zn\u011blo banakil, tedy p\u016fl\u010d\u00edk. Banakil je odvozeno od bana- co\u017e znamen\u00e1 polovi\u010dn\u00ed.<\/div>\n
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Samotn\u00ed hobiti p\u0159itom sami sebe ozna\u010dovali \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem. A to kuduk. Ano, t\u00edm kuduk, co na\u0161e Dra\u010d\u00ed Doup\u011b zprznilo do podoby jak\u00e9hosi k\u0159\u00ed\u017eence mezi hobitem a trpasl\u00edkem (co\u017e pova\u017euji za velezradu).<\/div>\n
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Toto slovo kuduk nem\u011blo jinde obdoby. Sm\u011blm\u00edr Brandor\u00e1d ale ve sv\u00fdch spisech uvedl, \u017ee Theoden u\u017eil p\u0159i rozmluv\u011b s n\u00edm slova k\u00fbd-d\u00fbkan, tedy obyvatel nory. Je tedy pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 (proto\u017ee hobiti m\u011bli jazyk sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00fd s jazykem Rohansk\u00fdm, o \u010dem\u017e bude \u0159e\u010d pozd\u011bji), \u017ee kuduk je stejn\u011b jako hobit redukovanou formou slova k\u00fbd-d\u00fbkan, tedy holbytla.<\/div>\n
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Aby byl zmatek dokonal\u00fd, mus\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b zm\u00ednit, \u017ee lid\u00e9 ozna\u010dovali hobity jako p\u016fl\u010d\u00edky (halflings), zat\u00edmco elfov\u00e9 jim \u0159\u00edkali periannath, co znamen\u00e1 \u00fapln\u011b to sam\u00e9. Jinak, Periannath je mno\u017en\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem slova perian. A n\u011bkolik hobit\u016f dohromady (ne ozna\u010den\u00ed pro celou rasu ale pro p\u00e1r jedinc\u016f) by bylo periain. Toto jm\u00e9no pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed od severn\u00edch D\u00fanadan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed kolem roku 1050 T\u0159et\u00edho v\u011bku kone\u010dn\u011b hobity objevili. Per- pak znamen\u00e1 polovina (jak\u00e9 p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed). Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee toto ozna\u010den\u00ed periannath – p\u016fl\u010d\u00edci bylo pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9, proto\u017ee tehdej\u0161\u00ed n\u00famenorojci byli o n\u011bco vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch letech a narazili na nejmen\u0161\u00ed rasu hobit\u016f – Chluponohy, kte\u0159\u00ed dor\u016fstali snad skoro p\u0159esn\u011b polovi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky jako vysoc\u00ed mu\u017ei. Je\u0161t\u011b dod\u00e1m, \u017ee forma mno\u017en\u00e9ho perian je sindarsky, kde\u017eto quenyjsky by to bylo periand.<\/div>\n
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A pro \u00faplnost mus\u00edm dodat, \u017ee hobit\u016fm se jinak t\u00e9\u017e \u0159\u00edkalo Mal\u00fd lid a to zejm\u00e9na v H\u016frce, kde \u017eili lid\u00e9 (Velk\u00fd lid) a hobiti (ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Mal\u00fd lid) vedle sebe.<\/div>\n
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Kdy\u017e u\u017e tedy m\u00e1te jak\u017e tak\u017e jasno ve St\u0159edozemsk\u00e9 interpretaci tohoto pozoruhodn\u00e9ho slova, pod\u00edv\u00e1me se na tu na\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je podstatn\u011b\u2026 slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Slovo hobit se sice d\u00e1 ozna\u010dit za spont\u00e1nn\u00ed v\u00fdk\u0159ik znud\u011bn\u00e9 mysli, ale kdy\u017e se od tohoto v\u00fdkladu zkus\u00edme oprostit, d\u00e1 se zjistiti, \u017ee hob- je n\u011bmeck\u00e1 p\u0159edpona s v\u00fdznamem mal\u00fd. Ale to nen\u00ed v\u0161echno. Okolo tohoto slova se d\u00e1 zjistit spoustu zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed. Hob m\u00e1 toti\u017e doopravdy hodn\u011b v\u00fdznam\u016f. Samcem fretky po\u010d\u00ednaje (tedy obyvatelem nory), kol\u00edk na zn\u00e1mou hru „h\u00e1zen\u00ed krou\u017ek\u016f“ pokra\u010duje a po plotnou (ano, ozna\u010den\u00ed plotny), kter\u00e9mu se mimochodem jinak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 ring, skon\u010de.<\/div>\n
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Te\u010f sem uvedu men\u0161\u00ed kolokace k v\u00fdznamu slova hob, pota\u017emo hobit.<\/div>\n
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Hobnob znamen\u00e1 pop\u00edjet a kl\u00e1bosit, hobbyhorse byl st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd lidov\u00fd tane\u010dn\u00edk a hobble znamen\u00e1 zm\u00e1st \u010di p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eet. Hoblike pak znamen\u00e1 p\u0159ihloupl\u00fd \u010di neotesan\u00fd, hobnail je vekovan a hobby kon\u00ed\u010dek. To poch\u00e1z\u00ed z francouzsk\u00e9ho hobet a latinsk\u00e9ho hobetus, tedy loveck\u00fd sokol. Hobit je houfnice a hobel \u0161\u00edp. Hobiler pak st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd vyzv\u011bda\u010d a hobblehedoy nap\u016fl chlapec nap\u016fl mu\u017e.<\/div>\n
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Tohle je jen kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 uk\u00e1zka toho, co mo\u017en\u00e1 Tolkiena inspirovalo na vym\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed postav hobit\u016f, proto\u017ee tohle v\u0161echno jsou jen konspirace a potvrzen\u00e9 nen\u00ed v\u016fbec nic.<\/div>\n
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Je toho na v\u00e1s moc? Ale p\u0159esto to nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e spojitost s mytologi\u00ed. Hob je prastar\u00e9 wel\u0161sk\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro jak\u00e9hosi mal\u00e9ho kudrnat\u00e9ho sk\u0159\u00edtka s velk\u00fdma nohama a n\u00e1padnou schopnost\u00ed zmizet, kter\u00fd \u017eil na farm\u00e1ch a pom\u00e1hal tam lidem s dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed. (v podstat\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o dom\u00e1c\u00ed sk\u0159\u00edtky, jak je popsala Rowlingov\u00e1 v Harrym Potterovi). Pojmenov\u00e1n byl podle krbu, kter\u00e9mu se tedy \u0159\u00edkalo hob. Hob je tak\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro skupinu dobromysln\u00fdch sk\u0159\u00edtk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed v nor\u00e1ch (dote\u010f se v Anglii r\u016fzn\u00fdm m\u00edst\u016fm \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Hob Hole). Jinak hob se tak\u00e9 ob\u010das p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako brownie, goblin \u010di boggle.<\/div>\n
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Jakousi obdobou Hob jsou Hobgoblini. To jsou op\u011bt dom\u00e1c\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00ed, ov\u0161em trochu zlomysln\u00e1 a ne v\u017edy \u00fapln\u011b p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1. Jejich jm\u00e9no mimochodem v p\u0159ekladu znamen\u00e1 n\u011bco jako elf-sk\u0159et :-). Ale je ot\u00e1zkou, nakolik se toto jm\u00e9no m\u016f\u017ee vztahovat k hobit\u016fm, proto\u017ee hobgoblins byla v Tolkienov\u011b pod\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e1si odr\u016fda v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sk\u0159et\u016f, skurut\u016f.<\/div>\n
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A Hobgoblin\u016fm, abychom toho nem\u011bli m\u00e1lo, se tak\u00e9 jinak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 P\u016fkov\u00e9, Puck. Koho v\u00e1m to p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1? No ano, p\u00fakely. O tom ale bude \u0159e\u010d pozd\u011bji, proto\u017ee to do t\u00e9to kapitoly tak \u00fapln\u011b nepat\u0159\u00ed.<\/div>\n
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Tak\u017ee Hob, \u010di Hobgoblin v jin\u00e9 variant\u011b t\u00e9\u017e Puck je skupina sk\u0159\u00edtk\u016f, dle n\u011bkter\u00fdch pramen\u016f zl\u00fdch, dle mnoh\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch dobrosrde\u010dn\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed spoustu vlas\u016f, velk\u00e9 nohy a \u017eij\u00ed pov\u011bt\u0161inou v nor\u00e1ch.<\/div>\n
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Dle dal\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f existuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dv\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed inspirace pro slovo hobit a samotn\u00e9 hobity. Jedn\u00edm z nich je kniha Lewice Sinclaira – Babbitt (o pohodln\u00e9m, hodn\u00e9m a mil\u00e9m americk\u00e9m \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dkovi) a pak spis Edward Wyke Smithe, se zvu\u010dn\u00fdm anglick\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem The Marvellous Land of Snergs.<\/div>\n
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Tito Snergov\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u011b byli jak\u00fdmsi p\u0159edobrazem hobit\u016f. Jednalo se o mal\u00e1, p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 a chlupat\u00e1 stvo\u0159en\u00ed se jm\u00e9ny jako Gorbo \u010di Bilbo. Tolkien s\u00e1m napsal, \u017ee The Marvellous Land of Snergs byla kn\u00ed\u017eka, kterou jeho d\u011bti naprosto zbo\u017e\u0148ovaly a Snergov\u00e9 byli „Nev\u011bdom\u00fd p\u0159edobraz hobit\u016f“ zat\u00edmco o Babbittovi pak \u0159ekl, \u017ee „slovo hobit m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt spojitost se Sinclairov\u00fdm Babbittem, kter\u00fd si stejn\u011b jako hobiti naplno u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 komfort domova“.<\/div>\n
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Nyn\u00ed u\u017e v\u00edte v\u0161e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 na \u00favod a m\u016f\u017eete se pustit d\u00e1le, do dal\u0161\u00edch taj\u016f hobit\u016f a hobit\u00edch zvyklost\u00ed.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed ze s\u00e9rie sepsan\u00fdch p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek z TolkienCon\u016f a v\u00fdsledku m\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ve v\u0161em, co se hobit\u016f t\u00fd\u010de. Irith<\/p>\n

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